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Prospective cohort studies providing a higher level of evidence are needed. The current study found that there is possible evidence linking mobile phone use to an increased risk of tumors from a meta-analysis of low-biased case-control studies. Blinding and methodologic quality of study were strongly associated with the research group. Further, these findings were also observed in the subgroup analyses by methodologic quality of study. Mobile phone use of 10 years or longer was associated with a risk of tumors in 13 studies reporting this association (odds ratio = 1.18 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.34).

However, a significant positive association (harmful effect) was observed in a random-effects meta-analysis of eight studies using blinding, whereas a significant negative association (protective effect) was observed in a fixed-effects meta-analysis of 15 studies not using blinding. Compared with never or rarely having used a mobile phone, the odds ratio for overall use was 0.98 for malignant and benign tumors (95% CI, 0.89 to 1.07) in a random-effects meta-analysis of all 23 studies. Of 465 articles meeting our initial criteria, 23 case-control studies, which involved 37,916 participants (12,344 patient cases and 25,572 controls), were included in the final analyses. The 13-digit and 10-digit formats both work. Two evaluators independently reviewed and selected articles based on predetermined selection criteria. This bar-code number lets you verify that youre getting exactly the right version or edition of a book. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library in August 2008. We investigated these associations using a meta-analysis. His research interests include spine biomechanics and neurosciences, comparative test methodologies, ASTM international test standards, clinical robotics, and specimen specific dynamic models. Available on-line at: Early English Books Online.Case-control studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between mobile phone use and tumor risk. Boyle Cheng, PhD, is Director of Neurosurgical and Spine Research at Carnegie Mellon University. Roycroft for John Martin and James Allestry, 1663), pp.

Henry Power, Experimental Philosophy, in Three Books … (London: Printed by T.

^ In 1662, he published a second edition of the 1660 book New Experiments Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and its Effects with an addendum Whereunto is Added a Defence of the Authors Explication of the Experiments, Against the Obiections of Franciscus Linus and Thomas Hobbes see J Appl Physiol 98: 31–39, 2005.

"Physical Chemistry" University of Brooklyn: McGraw-Hill

Charles's law – Relationship between volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure.

Dalton's law – Gas law describing pressure contributions of component gases in a mixture.

This forms a pressure difference between the air inside the lungs and the environmental air pressure, which in turn precipitates either inhalation or exhalation as air moves from high to low pressure. This commonly involves explaining how the lung volume may be increased or decreased and thereby cause a relatively lower or higher air pressure within them (in keeping with Boyle's law). The three gas laws in combination with Avogadro's law can be generalized by the ideal gas law.īoyle's law is often used as part of an explanation on how the breathing system works in the human body. Here P 1 and V 1 represent the original pressure and volume, respectively, and P 2 and V 2 represent the second pressure and volume.īoyle's law, Charles's law, and Gay-Lussac's law form the combined gas law. Mathematically, Boyle's law can be stated as:

The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system. Format/Description: Book 1 online resource Series: Medicine (Springer-11650. Boyle's law, also referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law, or Mariotte's law (especially in France), is an experimental gas law that describes how the pressure of a gas tends to decrease as the volume of the container increases. Publication: Cham : Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer, 2020.